Chen, C., Kirabaeva, K., Kolerus, C., Parry, I. W., & Vernon, N., International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers, 2024(185).

This paper assesses the Brazilian economy's exposure to climate change focusing on two key areas: agriculture and hydropower. While climate vulnerabilities are significant and recent patterns of land-use further amplify climate change risk, Brazil's opportunities for green growth are vast. Given geography and existing infrastructure, notably the very green energy mix, Brazil can boost its economic potential while mitigating a potential tradeoff between energy use, emissions, and growth. Policy options to address key vulnerabilities and leverage opportunities include boosting the Amazon's resilience via fiscal incentives for forest protection, investing in climate smart agriculture and insurance guided by sustainable feebates, continuing the diversification of renewable power generation, and stimulating green growth while greening the financial sector.

World Trade Organization, 2024.

In recent years, energy accessibility and the clean energy transition have increasingly become key priorities for ODA donors and South-South partners supporting decarbonization pathways in developing economies and LDCs, with a particular focus on clean energy.

OECD, 2023.

La rapide croissance économique et démographique que connaît Israël et son fort degré d'urbanisation continuent d'exercer des pressions significatives sur l'environnement. Le pays a relevé ses ambitions en matière de climat ces dernières années, mais n'est pas parti pour atteindre ses objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

Founded in 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations agency dedicated to global health and safety. The Organization connects nations, partners and communities to promote health and serve the vulnerable. WHO works with its Member States to achieve the highest level of health for all people by pursuing universal health coverage.

World Bank, 2024.

The impacts of climate change are significantly affecting the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, with high carbon emissions due to its heavy reliance on fossil fuels and energy-intensive economies. To transition to clean energy, substantial private and public investment and diverse policies are necessary. Pricing reforms are necessary to incentivize the private sector to adopt decarbonization measures. Tax instruments are also needed. Regulatory policies, like mandating energy efficiency and improving appliance standards, will contribute to achieving emission reduction targets. Structural policies that strengthen macroeconomic fundamentals, deepen capital markets, and improve governance are crucial. Additionally, social policies to alleviate energy poverty are essential. Tailored policies based on each country's conditions are necessary to ensure sustainable and greener long-term growth in the ECA region.

OECD, 2024.

Policies that foster the transition towards a more circular economy are gaining significant traction. Such policies are essential for a sustainable, low-carbon, resource-efficient and competitive economy. These developments bring about demands for reliable information to track progress and gauge results as well as for indicators that speak to policymakers and the public at large.

This report presents a conceptual framework and indicator set to monitor progress and inform circular economy policies. It is designed to support OECD work on circular economy and provides a source of inspiration for countries seeking to build a coherent circular economy monitoring framework.

United Nations, 2024.

This policy paper highlights strategies to improve the traceability in global value chains for the transition to a circular economy in the UNECE region and beyond. It discusses the importance of traceability in material and product life cycles to enhance repairability, reusability, and recyclability. Derived recommendations offer a comprehensive guide for governments to champion the circular economy, emphasizing the need for value chain analysis, stakeholder engagement, learning from global best practices, and the adoption of common standards. Such recommendations can also inform capacity-building and technical assistance programmes that target micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, to support better access to high value markets.

OECD, 2023.

A changing climate is threatening livelihoods and economic activity in Greece and the world. Transitioning to a green economy – mitigating the causes of climate change and adapting to its effects, while sustaining activity and improving well-being – is among the greatest policy challenges of the coming decades. In Greece, legacies of high emission intensity, limited fiscal space and scarce private financing amplify the challenge. Greening Greece’s energy system is at the core of this transition. This entails swiftly developing its large potential for renewable energies and adapting energy consuming sectors. A well-chosen mix of policies – including carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, and gradually tightening regulations on minimum energy efficiency standards, while providing financial support and protecting vulnerable households – would minimise the costs of this transition.